The Decorations of Socialist Albania. The ribbon bars used in Albania in the 1950s were a type favored in many Eastern Bloc nations in the late 1940s and 1950s – painted plastic mounted onto a substantial metal frame. Each painted “ribbon” is 30 mm wide and 9 mm tall.

1. The Decorations Of Socialist Albania Pdf Full

When, supported by the main political parties, overthrew in August 1944, breaking Romania away from the and bringing it over to the side, Michael could do nothing to erase the memory of his country's recent active participation in the. Romanian forces fought under Soviet command, driving through Northern into Hungary proper, and on into, Austria and Germany.

1. The Impact of Socialist Realism in the Albanian Architecture in 1945-1990. The lack of decorations and many other elements that had characterized the style of architecture up to that period in Albania was considered as construction cost reduction and loyalty to the socialist realism method. The building was voluntary work the.
2. PDF The socialist realism principles, similar to other Eastern European countries guided the construction and architecture in Albania from 1945 to 1990. The research done on various case studies.

However, the Soviets treated Romania as conquered territory, 6 and Soviet troops remained in the country as occupying forces under the pretext that Romanian authorities could not guarantee the security and stability of Northern Transylvania.The had granted the Soviet Union a predominant interest in Romania, the failed to acknowledge Romania as a, and the was sitting on Romanian soil. The Communists played only a minor role in Michael's wartime government, headed by General, but this changed in March 1945, when Dr. Of the, a party closely associated with the Communists, became prime minister. His government was broad-based on paper, including members of most major prewar parties except the.

However, the Communists held the key ministries, and most of the ministers nominally representing non-Communist parties were, like Groza himself,.The King was not happy with the direction of this government, but when he attempted to force Groza's resignation by refusing to sign any legislation (a move known as 'the royal strike'), Groza simply chose to enact laws without bothering to obtain Michael's signature. On 8 November 1945, King Michael's, an demonstration in front of the in was met with force, resulting in dozens of killed and wounded; Soviet officers restrained Romanian soldiers and police from firing on civilians, and Soviet troops restored order.

7Despite the King's disapproval, the first Groza government brought and women's. However, it also brought the beginnings of Soviet domination of Romania. In the, the Communist-led Bloc of Democratic Parties (BPD) claimed 84% of the votes. These elections were characterized by widespread irregularities, including intimidation, electoral fraud, and assassinations 8 9 10 Archives confirm suspicions at the time that the election results were, in fact, falsified. 11After forming government, the Communists moved to eliminate the role of the centrist parties; notably, the was accused of espionage after it became clear in 1947 that their leaders were meeting secretly with United States officials. A of their leadership was then arranged, and they were put in jail. Other parties were forced to 'merge' with the Communists.

In 1946 and 1947, hundreds of participants in the pro- government were executed as war criminals, primarily for their involvement in the Holocaust and for attacking the Soviet Union. Antonescu himself was executed 1 June 1946.By 1947, Romania remained the only monarchy in the People's Republic. In February 1948, the Communists forced what remained of the Social Democrats to merge with them to form the Romanian Workers' Party.

However, the few remaining independent-minded Socialists were soon pushed out, and the merged party was the PCR with a new name. Meanwhile, most non-Communist politicians had either been executed, imprisoned or fled into exile.The Communist regime was formalized with the. The new constitution was a near-copy of the. It forbade and punished any association which had 'fascist or anti-democratic nature'—which was broadly interpreted to ban any party not willing to do the Communists' bidding. It also granted the freedom of press, speech and assembly for the working class.

In the face of wide-scale killings, imprisonments and harassment of local peasants during forced collectivization, entire private property nationalization and political oppressiveness, the rights and freedoms spelled out in the Constitution of 1948 and its two successors (in and ) were never respected by governments or the new judges appointed during the 42 years of undisguised Communist rule.The Communist government also disbanded the, declaring its merger with the. 1949 stamp celebrating 'Romanian-Soviet friendship'.The early years of Communist rule in Romania were marked by repeated changes of course and by numerous arrests and imprisonments as factions contended for dominance. A queue for cooking oil, Bucharest, late 1980s.Romania continued to make progress. High rates of growth in production created conditions for raising living standards of the people. From 1950 to the mid-1980s, the average net wages increased more than eightfold. The consumption fund increased 22-fold, and a broad program of building cultural facilities and housing was carried out.

Over 80 percent of the country's population had moved to new apartments during this period. 19Despite all this, living standards in the country remained some of Europe's lowest and as early as 1981, there were clear signs of public discontent such as riots and an angry mob throwing rocks at Ceausescu's helicopter while making a flight to Transylvania that October. With full-scale rationing in place, the Communist Party published official guidelines on how Romanians could eat nutritiously while reducing their calorie intake by 25%.Measures in the mechanization and chemicalization of farming helped to increase the output of agricultural products. In 1950, more than 300 kg of cereals was gathered per head of the population, whereas in 1982 this amount increased to 1 ton.

Meat production increased from 29.5 to 100 kg. 19In the late 1980s, the United Nations Human Development report classified Romania as having had high human development. The life expectancy was 71 years, literacy rate at 96%, and the Real GDP per capita at $3000. 20During the 1980s, Ceaușescu became obsessed with repaying Western loans and with building himself a of unprecedented proportions, along with an equally grandiose neighborhood, to accompany it. These led to a shortage of available goods for the average Romanian.

By 1984, despite a high crop yield and increased food production, widescale food rationing was introduced. The government promoted it as 'rational eating' and 'a means to reduce obesity'. Most of what was available were export rejects, as most of the quality goods were exported, even underpriced, in order to obtain, either to pay the debt, or to push forward in the ever-growing pursuits of heavy industrialization.By 1985, despite Romania's huge refining capacity, petroleum products were strictly rationed, with supplies drastically cut, a Sunday curfew was instated, and many buses used propulsion (they were mockingly named 'bombs'); taxis were converted to burning. Electricity was rationed to divert supplies to heavy industry, with a maximum monthly allowed consumption of 20 per family (everything over this limit was heavily taxed). Only one in five streetlights was to be kept on, and television was reduced to a single channel broadcasting just 2 hours each day. A poster on the streets of Bucharest, 1986.

The caption reads '65 years since the creation of the Romanian Communist Party', while the background states 'Ceaușescu Era' and 'The Party. Picture published 1989 Libertate Roumanie by, (ISBN 2-207-23695-1), dedicated to the French journalist shot dead during the events.Unlike the Soviet Union at the same time, Romania did not develop a large, privileged elite. Ceausescu's family maintained all control of politics and Communist Party officials were paid poorly and often rotated from job to job, thus preventing any political rivals from developing. This prevented the rise of the -era reformist communism found in Hungary or the Soviet Union.

Similarly, unlike in Poland, Ceaușescu reacted to strikes entirely through a strategy of further oppression. Romania was nearly the last of the Eastern European communist governments to fall; its fall was also the most violent up to that time. The events of December 1989 are much in dispute.Protests and riots broke out in on 17 December and soldiers opened fire on the protesters, killing about 100 people.

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After cutting short a two-day trip to Iran, Ceaușescu held a televised speech on 20 December, in which he condemned the events of Timișoara, considering them an act of foreign intervention in the internal affairs of Romania and an aggression through foreign secret services on Romania's sovereignty, and declared National Curfew, convoking a mass meeting in his support in Bucharest for the next day. The uprising of Timișoara became known across the country, and in the morning of 21 December, protests spread to, Bucharest, and elsewhere.On 21 December, the meeting at the (CC) in Bucharest turned into chaos. The crowd, in a reaction that would have been unthinkable for most of the last quarter-century, openly booed and jeered Ceaușescu as he spoke. He was forced to hide himself in the CC Building after losing control of his own 'supporters'. The night of 21 December was a fight between protesters and the, police and part of the army forces. More than 1100 protesters lost their lives during the fights over the next few Revolution days.

On the morning of the next day, 22 December, it was announced that the army general Vasile Milea was dead by suicide. Believing that Milea had actually been murdered, the rank-and-file soldiers went over almost en masse to the budding rebellion. A second attempt at a speech the next day quickly failed.

Soon, people were besieging the CC Building, coming within a few meters of Ceaușescu. 23 The Securitate did nothing to help him. Ceaușescu soon fled by helicopter from the rooftop of the CC Building, only to find himself abandoned in, where he and his wife Elena were by a, convicted after an hour and a half, and executed by moments after the verdict and sentence were announced on 25 December. 24 The PCR dissolved soon afterward and has never been revived. Uniquely among former Eastern bloc countries, no party claiming to be its successor has ever won a seat in the revamped Parliament since the end of communism.Controversy over the events of December 1989For several months after the events of December 1989, it was widely argued that and the (FSN) had merely taken advantage of the chaos to stage a coup. While, ultimately, a great deal did change in Romania, it is still very contentious among Romanians and other observers as to whether this was their intent from the outset, or merely pragmatic playing of the cards they were dealt. By December 1989 Ceaușescu's harsh and counterproductive economic and political policies had cost him the support of many government officials and even the most loyal Communist Party cadres, most of whom joined forces with the popular revolution or simply refused to support him.

This loss of support from government officials ultimately set the stage for Ceaușescu's demise. The Romanian army also was a factor in the regime's fall as it suffered from severe budget cuts while vast sums were spent on the Securitate, leaving them severely discontented and unwilling to save Ceausescu.LegacyDespite the harsh being still in living memory, many Romanians respond in polls that they'd prefer a restoration of the (as much as 53% in a 2012 poll), looking back nostalgically at an era of stability and safety as opposed to the recent economic and political instability. 25 See also., a documentary about Communist Romania., the 's newspaper., a documentary by and, made from 125 hours of amateur footage, during the December 1989 Revolution.References. This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S.

National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov,.mil,.edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002. Full Text Search Details.from: Lidija Rangelovska – write to: palma@unet.com.mk Visit the Author Archive of Dr. Sam Vaknin in 'Central Europe Review': ISBN: 9989-929-40-8 Created by: LIDIJA RANGELOVSKA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA C O N T E N T S I.

C.samvak.tripod.com/ ISBN: 9989-929-40-8 Created by: LIDIJA RANGELOVSKA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA C O N T E N T S I. The Author XXII. About 'After the Rain' A Abdication Crisis The love affair of Edward, Prince of Wales (Edward VIII) and Wallis Simpson in 1.er him. Venezuela's new strongman, Hugo Chavez, renamed his country The Bolivarian republic of Venezuela to reflect the role of his 'Bolivarian rev.nt, with the power to choose his successor, is the most sublime inspiration amongst republican regimes.' In a letter to Santander, the Liberator.9 billion gross domestic product per year), the Czech Republic (91), Hungary (77), Romania (53), Slovakia (27), Ukraine (47), Kazakhstan (28), Paki. M May Day Long before the first congress (1889) of the Second International, a socialist gathering, appropriated May 1, it was being celebrated. Full Text Search Details.

Write to: palma@unet.com.mk or to vaknin@link.com.mk Visit the Author Archive of Dr. Sam Vaknin in 'Central Europe Review': Created by: LIDIJA RANGELOVSKA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA C O N T E N T S I.

Terrorists.tml Created by: LIDIJA RANGELOVSKA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA C O N T E N T S I. Terrorists and Freed.donians III.

The Black Hand IV. The Insurgents and the Swastika V. KLA – The Army of Liberation VI. Appendix: Pathological Narcissism, Group Behav.ted in the areas that are today North- Central Greece, Southwestern Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia. He felt equally comfortable in all three.ated in this with the pro-Bulgarian organization Vzhovits. In Krusevo (Krushevo) a republic was proclaimed, replete with 'Rules of the Macedonian U.th the rising, ignore at your peril, Central European force.

The Austrian national socialists who were implicated in the murder of the Austrian pri.an vice president of the Bujanovac branch of President Slobodan Milosevic's ruling Socialist Party, who was assassinated three months ago). Moreove.ets were in stonewalling, evasiveness and outright lying. Soviet literature of the Socialist Realism was another example of highly sophisticated fo. Full Text Search Details.from: Lidija Rangelovska – write to: palma@unet.com.mk Visit the Author Archive of Dr. Sam Vaknin in 'Central Europe Review': Created by: LIDIJA RANGELOVSKA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA C O N T E N T S I. The Author II. Abo.com Created by: LIDIJA RANGELOVSKA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA C O N T E N T S I.

The Author II. About 'After.e Author II. About 'After the Rain' Containing the United States I.

The Roots of Anti-Americanism II. Containing the United States III. Islam.he space of two years in Slovakia (down 14 percent), in Poland (-7), in the Czech Republic (-6) and even in fervently pro-Western Bulgaria (-4 per.r. Sam Vaknin When the annals of the United States are written, its transition from republic to empire is likely to warrant special attention. Nor i.ruled most of the Balkan, up to the very gates of Vienna, Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia, Romania, Greece, Ukraine, Iraq, Syria, Israel, Egypt, North Afri.

A man claiming to be an Islamic fundamentalist supported the invasion by the Arab socialist (and thereby atheist) Iraq against Kuwait and Saudi Ar.d during the recent spat over the International Criminal Court. Countries, such as Romania, were asked to choose between NATO's position - immunity.

Full Text Search Details.0 ―. AND GULLIVER RETURNS‖ -In Search of Utopia— Book 4 A Look at Human Values 1 ―.uman Values 1 ―. AND GULLIVER RETURNS‖ -In Search of Utopia- BOOK 4 A Look at Human Values by Lemuel Gulliver XVI.r © 2008 ISBN 978-0-9823076-3-2 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS IN THE HOTEL.there were people who were worse off and who longed for the return of the socialistic dictatorship. ―So tradition is generally the basis for wh.sons for attacking Iraq were for its oil or to establish an American-like republic in the country, the reasons he gave to the world were that it was.or an atheist. He would have about a zero chance of getting elected.

Your Republicans seem to really play the God card. Yet it seems that they are th.s that have the most arrests for prostitution and corruption. I wonder if Republicans, Papists and terrorists all have their direct lines to the sam.hey had money, the capitalists. The workers would then revolt and begin a socialist economy where payment was ‗from each according to his ability to.luable? Is the culture of radical terroristic Islam equal to the peaceful socialistic welfare state of Norway.

Is the laissez faire capitalism of the. Full Text Search Details.

Palma@unet.com.mk or to samvaknin@gmail.com Visit the Author Archive of Dr. Sam Vaknin in 'Central Europe Review' ISBN: 9989-929-27-0 Created by: LIDIJA RANGELOVSKA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 100 articles and essays (microe.ide.html ISBN: 9989-929-27-0 Created by: LIDIJA RANGELOVSKA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 100 articles and essays (microeconomics.pod.com/internet.html Table of Contents I. Battling Unemployment II. The Labour Divide - I.

Sam Vaknin Formerly Economic Advisor to the Government of the Republic of Macedonia Skopje, Republic of Macedonia April, 2007 Conten.ral collective agreement was signed between CCM and the Government of the Republic of Macedonia. Yet a third set of more than 20 collective agreemen.

Safety nets threatened, the unions' success was less than striking. Only socialist dominated regions and cities responded and demonstrations flared.enefits is called for, on a scale which far exceeds anything dreamt of in socialist countries. The Future of Work By: Dr. Sam Vaknin Also publis.G Metall's previous strike was in 1995 and it cannot afford to alienate a socialist Chancellor who is in the throes of a re-election campaign.

The foundry’s steel door creaks as it opens, revealing Stalin covered in sunlight and pigeon excrement. It is New Year’s in Tirana, the Albanian capital. The building rises next to a line of tents that serve as homes for destitute Roma families. Some of the women are washing clothes outside.

Stray dogs lurk. Under the former Communist dictatorship, the building was used to manufacture statues of national heroes and party men. Now, decades after the regime’s demise, those statues have been locked up in a vast, barren room. Here they are, unceremoniously piled in a corner: Lenin missing an arm. The day after Good Friday, 8 April 1939, residents of Tirana woke up to find themselves under occupation. Rumors about an Italian invasion had been circulating that whole week. On 5 April, Albania’s Hungarian-born queen had given birth to a son.

Within the span of those two days, King Zog, the Muslim chieftain who had established a royal dictatorship, got an heir and lost the kingdom. Desperate and defeated, he fled to Greece. (He would not step foot into the country again.) “Since yesterday,” Mussolini is reported to have said with characteristic exaggeration, “Italy has been turned again into a. The Sovietization of Albania is a story of machines. From spinning machinery for cotton mills, freight cars, ZIS and GAZ trucks, tractors, and blueprints to the rise of factories and worker settlements, the Soviets came to be known not by the stomping feet of army troops but through the hum of engines and the wonders of industry. In the 1950s, Albania bore more than a passing resemblance to the Soviet Union of the 1930s.

If that resemblance appears almost self-evident in retrospect, it is largely because Albanian party authorities vigorously embraced it. They assumed that the country would go through.

What we know about the man who spoke these words is what Slovak journalist Ladislav Mňačko wrote about him: He was young, a teacher, and “a Communist who entered the Party during the fighting.” The two met “on the crossroads from Tirana to Scutari.” But not too many more details were necessary because the teacher’s words encapsulated all the essential elements of the official story of Communist power: centuries of darkness, tribal mores that had to be broken, the folly of Islam, the sweeping rush of revolution, the inevitable onset of modernity. The teacher worked in a shabby school building. Two years after winning a Pulitzer Prize for his New York Timesreporting from Moscow, Harrison Salisbury arrived in Tirana—the first American to do so in a decade. It was late August. Upon landing in the capital’s tiny airport, he thought he had landed “somewhere in the Soviet Union, possibly in the mountains of the Caucasus.” The city teemed with soldiers donning ragged Soviet uniforms. “We take a little sightseeing trip. Some nice buildings, fine new stadium, queues at food stores.

Soldiers, soldiers. Hotel full of Russians. Waiters speak Russian.”¹ Elsewhere in the bloc, Stalin had become something of. The regime was desperate for a big square.

The Decorations Of Socialist Albania Pdf Full

Like other parties in the bloc, the Party of Labor of Albania was keen on holding parades: endless rows of workers waving small red flags every May, soldiers marching in lockstep to project strength, gigantic portraits of the classics of Marxism-Leninism floating above the crowds. But such parades required proper boulevards. Crowds needed large open spaces. Moscow, for example, had the glorious space around the Lenin Mausoleum. The Bulgarian capital had another dead body to serve as a backdrop (Dimitrov’s mausoleum). Warsaw had its Parade Square, stretching out in front of the.